National observational study about the surgical treatment of anal fistula: Does the kind of hospital modify the results?

INTRODUCTION: Performing the surgical procedure in a high-volume center has been seen to be important for some surgical procedures. However, this issue has not been studied for patients with an anal fistula (AF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective multicentric study was performed including the patients who underwent AF surgery in 2019 in 56 Spanish hospitals. A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to analyse the relationship between hospital volume and AF cure and fecal incontinence (FI). RESULTS: 1809 patients were include. Surgery was performed in a low, middle, and high-volume hospitals in 127 (7.0%), 571 (31.6%) y 1111 (61.4%) patients respectively. After a mean follow-up of 18.9 months 72.3% (1303) patients were cured and 132 (7.6%) developed FI. The percentage of patients cured was 74.8%, 75.8% and 70.3% (p = 0.045) for low, middle, and high-volume hospitals. Regarding FI, no statistically significant differences were observed depending on the hospital volume (4.8%, 8.0% and 7.7% respectively, p = 0.473). Multivariate analysis didnt observe a relationship between AF cure and FI. CONCLUSION: Cure and FI in patients who underwent AF surgery were independent from hospital volume.

Perianal Fistulas Are Associated with Persistently Higher Direct Health Care Costs in Crohn's Disease: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: The economic impact of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (CD) has not been formally assessed in population-based studies in the biologic era. AIM: To compare direct health care costs in persons with and without perianal fistulas. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal population-based study using administrative data from Ontario, Canada. Adults (> 17 years) with CD were identified between 2007 and 2013 using validated algorithms. Perianal fistula positive "cases" were matched to up to 4 "controls" with CD without perianal fistulas based on age, sex, geographic region, year of CD diagnosis and duration of follow-up. Direct health care costs, excluding drug costs from private payers, were estimated annually beginning 5 years before (lookback) and up to 9 years after perianal fistula diagnosis (study completion) for cases and a standardized date for matched controls. RESULTS: A total of 581 cases were matched to 1902 controls. The annual per capita direct cost for cases was similar at lookback compared to controls ($2458 ± 6770 vs $2502 ± 10,752; p = 0.952), maximally greater in the first year after perianal fistulas diagnosis ($16,032 ± 21,101 vs $6646 ± 13,021; p < 0.001) and remained greater at study completion ($11,358 ± 17,151 vs $5178 ± 9792; p < 0.001). At perianal fistula diagnosis, the cost difference was driven primarily by home care cost (tenfold greater), publicly-covered prescription drugs (threefold greater) and hospitalizations (twofold greater), whereas at study completion, prescription drugs were the dominant driver (threefold greater). CONCLUSION: In our population-based cohort, perianal fistulas were associated with significantly higher direct healthcare costs at the time of perianal fistulas diagnosis and sustained long-term.

Impact of Internal Anal Sphincter Division on Continence Disturbance in Female Patients.

BACKGROUND: Few studies measured the pre- and postoperative anatomic and functional anal canal using 3-dimensional endoanal ultrasound and anal manometry and correlated sphincter division with fecal incontinence, severity, and function. OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of fecal incontinence in patients who underwent internal anal sphincter division for anal fissure or intersphincteric anal fistula and correlate severity of symptoms with percentage of divided muscle, anatomical measurements, and anal pressures. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTINGS: Colorectal surgery unit, tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients underwent clinical assessment using the Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence score for severity of symptoms, manometry, and ultrasound. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Ultrasound measurements of length, percentage, and angle of divided internal anal sphincter, anterior external anal sphincter, posterior external anal sphincter plus puborectalis, and gap lengths. RESULTS: Sixty-three women (mean age, 44 years) were divided into 2 groups: 30 (48%) underwent fistulotomy for intersphincteric anal fistula and 33 (52%) underwent sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with high anal resting pressure. Forty-six percent experienced some measure of fecal incontinence after internal anal sphincter division. Incidence of fecal incontinence, severity of symptoms, and angle of the divided internal anal sphincter were similar between the groups. Length and percentage of the divided internal anal sphincter were significantly higher in the intersphincteric anal fistula. External anal sphincter and external anal sphincter plus puborectalis lengths were similar in both groups. Gap length was significantly longer in chronic anal fissures with high anal resting pressure. LIMITATIONS: Single-institution, exclusion of males. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal incontinence was reported in half of the patients who underwent internal anal sphincter division. Despite the greater length and percentage of internal anal sphincter division in patients who underwent fistulotomy, incidence and severity of fecal incontinence were similar in both groups. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound showed greater gap length in the sphincterotomy group, which may be functionally significant after the division of the shorter internal anal sphincter but with a similar impact on fecal incontinence in both groups. IMPACTO DE LA DIVISIN DEL ESFNTER ANAL INTERNO EN LA ALTERACIN DE LA CONTINENCIA EN PACIENTES DE SEXO FEMENINO: ANTECEDENTES:Pocos estudios han medido el canal anal anatómico y funcional antes y después de la cirugía mediante ecografía endoanal tridimensional y manometría anal, y correlacionado la división del esfínter con la incontinencia fecal, la gravedad y la función.OBJETIVO:Evaluar la incidencia de incontinencia fecal en pacientes sometidos a división del esfínter anal interno por fisura anal o fístula anal interesfinteriana, y correlacionar la gravedad de los síntomas con el porcentaje de músculo dividido, las medidas anatómicas y las presiones anales.DISEÑO:Estudio de cohorte prospectivo.AJUSTE:Unidad de cirugía colorrectal, centro de referencia de tercer nivel.PACIENTES:Pacientes sometidos a una evaluación clínica utilizando la puntuación de incontinencia fecal de Cleveland Clinic Florida para la gravedad de los síntomas, la manometría y la ecografía.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Mediciones por ultrasonido de la longitud, el porcentaje y el ángulo del esfínter anal interno dividido y el esfínter anal externo anterior, el esfínter anal externo posterior más el puborrectal y las longitudes del espacio.RESULTADOS:Sesenta y tres mujeres (edad media, 44 años) se dividieron en 2 grupos: 30 (48%) sometidos a fistulotomía por fístula anal interesfinteriana y 33 (52%) sometidos a esfinterotomía por fisura anal crónica con alta presión anal en reposo. El 46% experimentó algún grado de incontinencia fecal después de la división del esfínter anal interno. La incidencia de incontinencia fecal, la gravedad de los síntomas y el ángulo del esfínter anal interno dividido fueron similares entre los grupos. La longitud y el porcentaje del esfínter anal interno dividido fueron significativamente mayores en la fístula anal interesfinteriana. Las longitudes del esfínter anal externo y del esfínter anal externo más el puborrectal fueron similares en ambos grupos. La longitud del espacio fue significativamente mayor en la fisura anal crónica con alta presión anal en reposo.LIMITACIONES:Institución única, exclusión de varones.CONCLUSIÓN:La incontinencia fecal se reportó en la mitad de los pacientes sometidos a división del esfínter anal interno. A pesar de la mayor longitud y porcentaje de división del esfínter anal interno en los pacientes sometidos a fistulotomía, la incidencia y gravedad de la incontinencia fecal fue similar en ambos grupos. La ecografía endoanal tridimensional mostró una mayor longitud del espacio en el grupo de esfinterotomía, lo que puede ser funcionalmente significativo después de la división del esfínter anal interno más corto, pero con un impacto similar en la incontinencia fecal en ambos grupos. (Traducción-Dr. Fidel Ruiz Healy ).

Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with a higher prevalence of HPV in the anorectal fistula tract. A comparative study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is the main risk factor for anal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether this occurs due to a higher frequency of human papillomavirus remains unclear. The authors aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV and high-risk HPV in patients with perianal Crohn's disease, compared with a control group. METHODS: The authors conducted a two-center cross-sectional study in which perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease patients were matched for age and sex with patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease. Biopsy specimens were obtained from fistulous tracts during examination under anesthesia for both groups. The samples were sent for HPV detection and genotyping using the INNO-LiPA test. RESULTS: A total of 108 subjects (54 in each group) were recruited. The perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group showed a statistically higher frequency of HPV in the fistulous tract than the control group (33.3% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.046). Separate analyses on high-risk types demonstrated that there was a numerically higher frequency of HPV in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group. In multiple logistic regression, patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease were found to have a chance of HPV 3.29 times higher than patients without Crohn's disease (OR = 3.29; 95% CI 1.20‒9.01), regardless of other variables. The types most frequently identified in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group were HPV 11 (12.96%) and HPV 16 (9.26%). CONCLUSION: Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with a higher prevalence of HPV than in patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease.

Malignancy rates in Crohn's disease patients with perianal fistula: A German retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of colorectal and extra-intestinal cancer. However, the overall cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) with perianal fistulas (PF) (CPF) and those with CD without PF (non-PF CD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and incidence of cancer in patients with CPF and non-PF CD, and to estimate incidence rate ratio (IRR) of cancer between CPF and non-PF CD groups. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the German InGef (Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin) research database. Patients with a CD record and PF from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2014 were identified and followed up from 1 January 2015 until the first occurrence of cancer, end of health insurance contributing data, death, or end of study period (31 December 2020). Prevalence of any type of cancer including patients with CD diagnosed with cancer in the selection period and incidence of cancer excluding patients with CD diagnosed with cancer in the selection period were calculated. RESULTS: In total, 10,208 patients with CD were identified. Of 824 patients with CPF (8.1%), 67 had had a malignancy (6-year period crude malignancy prevalence 8.13% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.36%-10.21%]), which was lower than patients with non-PF CD (19.8% [95% CI 19%-20.6%]). Incidence (per 100,000 person-years) in patients with CPF was 1184 (95% CI 879-1561) and in non-PF CD was 2365 (95% CI 2219-2519). There was no significant difference in the adjusted IRR of cancer for the CPF group compared with the non-PF CD group (0.83 [95% CI 0.62-1.10]; p = 0.219). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of any cancer in patients with CPF compared with non-PF CD. However, patients with CPF had a higher numerical risk of cancer than the general German population.

Risk of anorectal cancer in patients with Crohn's disease and perianal fistula: a nationwide Danish cohort study.

AIM: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often suffer from perianal fistulizing disease. Their risk of anorectal cancer remains uncertain. We aimed to examine the long-term risk of anorectal cancer in a population-based cohort of CD patients with anorectal fistula. METHOD: Our study population covered all individuals (n = 7 987 520) aged 15+ years living in Denmark from 1978 to 2018. We identified all patients with CD and anorectal fistula in the Danish National Patient Register (NPR) and 50 matched noninflammatory bowel disease (IBD) individuals from the general population. Using Cox regression analyses, we examined the risk of anorectal cancer in CD fistula patients versus non-IBD individuals. All patients with CD were identified using codes from the International Classification of Diseases and their data extracted from the NPR. The main outcome measure was cases of anorectal cancer. RESULTS: A total of 2786 CD patients with anorectal fistula and 139 300 non-IBD individuals were followed for 1 553 917 person-years. During follow-up, anorectal cancer was observed in 19 CD patients (0.68%) and 340 non-IBD individuals (0.24%), corresponding to a 2.9-fold increased hazard ratio (HR) of anorectal cancer in CD fistula patients (95% CI 1.80-4.53), with a particularly high risk of anal cancer (HR 15.13, 95% CI 6.88-33.31) and a mean time from CD fistula diagnosis to anorectal cancer of 6.7 (SD 6.5) years. The risk was slightly higher in women than men and had no apparent relation to treatment with tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors. Sensitivity analyses using CD nonfistula patients for comparison revealed similar results. Individual data on smoking and infection with human papilloma virus were not available. CONCLUSION: Patients with CD and anorectal fistula have a three-fold increased risk of anorectal cancer compared with the general population. The number needed to surveil to detect one case of anorectal cancer in this patient population was 2160 patients per year in patients with long-standing fistula (>6 years).

Diagnosis and Clinical Features of Perianal Lesions in Newly Diagnosed Crohn's Disease: Subgroup Analysis from Inception Cohort Registry Study of Patients with Crohn's Disease (iCREST-CD).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perianal lesion is a refractory phenotype of Crohn's disease [CD] with significantly diminished quality of life. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of perianal lesions in newly diagnosed CD patients and the impact of perianal lesions on the quality of life in Japanese patients with CD. METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with CD after June 2016 were included between December 2018 and June 2020 from the Inception Cohort Registry Study of Patients with CD [iCREST-CD]. RESULTS: Perianal lesions were present in 324 [48.2%] of 672 patients with newly diagnosed CD; 71.9% [233/324] were male. The prevalence of perianal lesions was higher in patients aged <40 years vs ≥40 years, and it decreased with age. Perianal fistula [59.9%] and abscess [30.6%] were the most common perianal lesions. In multivariate analyses, male sex, age <40 years and ileocolonic disease location were significantly associated with a high prevalence of perianal lesions, whereas stricturing behaviour and alcohol intake were associated with low prevalence. Fatigue was more frequent [33.3% vs 21.6%] while work productivity and activity impairment-work time missed [36.3% vs 29.5%] and activity impairment [51.9% vs 41.1%] were numerically higher in patients with than those without perianal lesions. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of CD diagnosis, approximately half of the patients had perianal lesions; perianal abscesses and perianal fistulas were the most common. Young age, male sex, disease location and behaviour were significantly associated with the presence of perianal lesions. The presence of perianal lesion was associated with fatigue and impairment of daily activities. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry System [UMIN-CTR, UMIN000032237].

Incidence and diagnostic performance of ultrasound for perianal abscess or fistula-in-ano in pediatric patients with perianal inflammation.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence and diagnostic performance of ultrasound for perianal abscess or fistula-in-ano in pediatric patients with perianal inflammation. METHODS: We included 45 patients with perianal inflammation who underwent ultrasonography. To demonstrate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound for fistula-in-ano, a definite diagnosis of perianal abscess, and fistula-in-ano was determined as that proven through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). The absence or presence of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano on ultrasonography was recorded. RESULTS: Among the 45 patients, on ultrasound, perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano were detected in 22 (48.9%) and 30 (68.2%) patients, respectively. Nine patients had MRI or CT and a definite diagnosis of perianal abscess or fistula-in-ano; accuracy, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of ultrasound for perianal abscess were 77.8% (7/9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.0%-97.1%), 66.7% (2/3; 95% CI: 9.4%-99.2%), 83.3% (5/6; 95% CI: 35.9%-99.6%), and those of fistula-in-ano were 100% (9/9; 95% CI: 66.4%-100%), 100% (8/8; 95% CI: 63.1%-100%), and 100% (1/1; 95% CI: 2.5%-100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano were detected by ultrasound in half of the patients with perianal inflammation. Accordingly, ultrasound has an acceptable diagnostic performance for perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano.

A Systematic Review of Epidemiology and Outcomes Associated with Local Surgical and Intersphincteric Ligation Procedures for Complex Cryptoglandular Fistulas.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic literature review (SLR) assessed incidence/prevalence of cryptoglandular fistulas (CCF) and outcomes associated with local surgical and intersphincteric ligation procedures for CCFs. METHODS: Two trained reviewers searched PubMed and Embase for observational studies evaluating the incidence/prevalence of cryptoglandular fistula and clinical outcomes of treatments for CCF after local surgical and intersphincteric ligation procedures for CCF. RESULTS: In total 148 studies met a priori eligibility criteria for all cryptoglandular fistulas and all intervention types. Of those, two assessed incidence/prevalence of cryptoglandular fistulas. Eighteen reported clinical outcomes of surgeries of interest in CCF and were published in the past 5 years. Prevalence was reported as 1.35/10,000 non-Crohn's patients, and 52.6% of non-IBD patients were found to progress from anorectal abscess to fistula over 12 months. Primary healing rates ranged from 57.1% to 100%; recurrence occurred in a range of 4.9-60.7% and failure in 2.8-18.0% of patients. Limited published evidence suggests postoperative fecal incontinence and long-term postoperative pain were rare. Several of the studies were limited by single-center design with small sample sizes and short follow-up durations. DISCUSSION: This SLR summarizes outcomes from specific surgical procedures for the treatment of CCF. Healing rates vary according to procedure and clinical factors. Differences in study design, outcome definition, and length of follow-up prevent direct comparison. Overall, published studies offer a wide range of findings with respect to recurrence. Postsurgical incontinence and long-term postoperative pain were rare in the included studies, but more research is needed to confirm rates of these conditions following CCF treatments. CONCLUSION: Published studies on the epidemiology of CCF are rare and limited. Outcomes of local surgical and intersphincteric ligation procedures show differing success and failure rates, and more research is needed to compare outcomes across various procedures. (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42020177732).

Characteristics of Patients with Crohn's Disease With or Without Perianal Fistulae in the CorEvitas Inflammatory Bowel Disease Registry.

BACKGROUND: There are limited real-world data characterizing perianal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). AIM: To describe characteristics of patients with CD with and without perianal fistulae. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, characteristics, treatment history, and health outcomes of patients with CD enrolled in the CorEvitas IBD Registry were described according to perianal fistula status (current/previous or none). RESULTS: Eight hundred and seventy-eight patients were included. Compared with patients with no perianal fistulae (n = 723), patients with current/previous perianal fistulae (n = 155) had longer disease duration since CD diagnosis (mean 16.5 vs 12.3 years; difference 4.3 years; 95% CI, 2.0, 6.6) and fewer had Harvey-Bradshaw Index scores indicative of remission (0-4, 56.8% vs 69.6%; difference - 12.9%; 95% CI, - 21.6, - 4.2). More patients with current/previous fistulae reported a history of IBD-related emergency room visits (67.7% vs 56.1%; difference 11.6%; 95% CI, 3.4, 19.8), hospitalizations (76.1% vs 58.4%; difference 17.7%; 95% CI, 10.1, 25.4), and surgeries (59.4% vs 27.7%; difference 31.7%; 95% CI, 23.3, 40.1), and a history of treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (81.3% vs 60.7%; difference 20.6%; 95% CI, 13.5, 27.7), immunosuppressants (51.6% vs 31.2%; difference 20.4%; 95% CI, 11.9, 29.0), and antibiotics (50.3% vs 23.7%; difference 26.6%; 95% CI, 18.2, 35.1) than patients without perianal fistulae. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CD with current/previous perianal fistulae have more symptomatic experiences of disease, higher medication use, hospitalization rates, and emergency room visits than patients without perianal fistulae. Interventions to prevent/reduce risk of developing fistulae may help improve outcomes in CD.

Clinicopathological determinants of recurrence after surgical treatment of fistula-in-ano in a Ghanaian teaching hospital.

AIM: The aim of this work is to describe the clinicopathological and surgical aspects of fistula-in-ano and assess the risks associated with recurrence of the disease in a Ghanaian teaching hospital. METHOD: This was a retrospective observational study assessing all fistula-in-ano surgeries performed at the Korle Bu Teaching hospital from January 2014 to January 2021 that had completed follow up of at least 3 months after wound healing. Demographic, clinical, pathological and surgical data were extracted from patient records. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for association between these variables and recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients underwent 124 fistula surgeries. Their median age was 41 years, the male:female ratio was 4:1 and 12 had comorbidities including human immunodeficiency virus infection and diabetes mellitus. Thirty-one per cent (39/124) of fistulas had previously been operated on. At surgery, 51% (64/124) of fistulas followed a single straight tract, 30% (37/124) a single curved tract and 19% (23/124) had multiple curved tracts. More than half (65/124) were trans-sphincteric, 35% (44/124) suprasphincteric, 10% (12/124) subsphincteric and 2% (3/124) were intersphincteric. Sixty per cent of fistulas were treated with a ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (74/124), 35% (44/124) a fistulectomy and 5% a fistulotomy. Recurrence after surgery was 22.5% (28/124); this was significantly higher for fistulas with multiple curved tracts (OR 4.153, 95% CI 1.431-12.054, p = 0.012) and fistulas with comorbidities (OR 3.222, 95% CI 1.076-9.647, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: There was high recurrence after fistula surgery with increased risk for fistulas with multiple tracts and the presence of comorbidities.

Bowel function and associated risk factors at preschool and early childhood age in children with anorectal malformation type rectovestibular fistula: An ARM-Net consortium study.

BACKGROUND: Outcome of patients operated for anorectal malformation (ARM) type rectovestibular fistula (RVF) is generally considered to be good. However, large multi-center studies are scarce, mostly describing pooled outcome of different ARM-types, in adult patients. Therefore, counseling parents concerning the bowel function at early age is challenging. Aim of this study was to evaluate bowel function of RVF-patients at preschool/early childhood age and determine risk factors for poor functional outcome. METHODS: A multi-center cohort study was performed. Patient characteristics, associated anomalies, sacral ratio, surgical procedures, post-reconstructive complications, one-year constipation, and Bowel Function Score (BFS) at 4-7 years of follow-up were registered. Groups with below normal (BFS < 17; subgroups 'poor' ≤ 11, and 'fair' 11 < BFS < 17) and good outcome (BFS ≥ 17) were formed. Univariable analyses were performed to detect risk factors for outcome. RESULTS: The study included 111 RVF-patients. Median BFS was 16 (range 6-20). The 'below normal' group consisted of 61 patients (55.0%). Overall, we reported soiling, fecal accidents, and constipation in 64.9%, 35.1% and 70.3%, respectively. Bowel management was performed in 23.4% of patients. Risk factors for poor outcome were tethered cord and low sacral ratio, while sacral anomalies, low sacral ratio, prior enterostomy, post-reconstructive complications, and one-year constipation were for being on bowel management. CONCLUSIONS: Although median BFS at 4-7 year follow-up is nearly normal, the majority of patients suffers from some degree of soiling and constipation, and almost 25% needs bowel management. Several factors were associated with poor bowel function outcome and bowel management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Perianal Crohn's Disease Is Associated With Poor Disease Outcome: A Nationwide Study From the epiIIRN Cohort.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Limited population-based data have explored perianal involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) and compared the disease course between severe and non-severe perianal CD (PCD). We aimed to explore the disease course of these phenotypes in a population-based study of CD. METHODS: Cases were identified from the epi-IIRN cohort and included 2 Israeli health maintenance organizations covering 78% of the population. We validated specific algorithms to identify fistulizing PCD and to differentiate severe from non-severe disease by medication utilization, International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision codes, and perianal procedures. RESULTS: A total of 12,904 CD patients were included in an inception cohort from 2005 (2186 pediatric-onset, 17%) providing 86,119 person-years of follow-up. Fistulizing PCD was diagnosed in 1530 patients (12%) (574 with severe PCD, 4%). The prevalence of PCD was 7.9%, 9.4%, 10.3%, and 11.6% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years from CD diagnosis, respectively. At 5 years, PCD patients were more likely to be hospitalized (36% in non-PCD vs 64% in PCD; P < .001), undergo inflammatory bowel disease-related surgeries (9% vs 38%, respectively; P < .001), and develop anorectal cancer (1.2/10,000 person-years for non-PCD vs 4.2/10,000 for PCD; P = .01). Severe PCD was associated with poorer outcomes compared with non-severe PCD, as shown for hospitalizations (61% in non-severe PCD vs 73% in severe; P = .004) and surgeries (35% vs 43%; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher utilization of immunomodulators and biologics, PCD is associated with poor disease outcomes, especially in severe PCD.

Health Care Costs and Resource Utilization Among Patients With Crohn's Disease With and Without Perianal Fistula.

BACKGROUND: Perianal fistula (PAF), a complication of Crohn's disease (CD), is associated with substantial economic costs and poor prognosis. We determined prevalence of PAF CD in the United States and compared costs and health care resource utilization (HRU) of PAF CD patients with matched non-PAF CD patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of claims data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database from October 1, 2015, to September 30, 2018. Eligible patients were aged 18 to 89 years with ≥2 CD diagnoses. Patients with PAF CD had ≥1 PAF diagnosis or procedure code and were matched with non-PAF CD patients. Cumulative prevalence of PAF CD in the US population was calculated across total patients in MarketScan. All-cause and gastrointestinal (GI)-related costs and HRU were compared between groups using a generalized linear model (GLM). RESULTS: Cumulative 3-year prevalence of PAF was 7.70% of patients with CD (N = 81,862) and 0.01% of the US population. Among PAF CD (n = 1218) and matched non-PAF CD (n = 4095) patients, most all-cause costs and HRU were GI-related. Mean total all-cause and GI-related health care costs per patient and per year for PAF CD were $85,233 and $71,612, respectively, vs $40,526 and $29,458 for non-PAF CD (P < .0001). Among PAF CD vs non-PAF CD patients, GLM-adjusted proportions of patients with GI-related inpatient, outpatient, or pharmacy visits, mean GI-related inpatient length of stay, and mean GI-related surgeries were higher (P < .0001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Costs and HRU are significantly higher for patients with PAF CD vs non-PAF CD patients, highlighting the economic burden of the disease.

Natural History of Perianal Crohn's Disease: Long-term Follow-up of a Population-Based Cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The natural history of perianal Crohn's disease (PCD) remains poorly described and is mainly based on retrospective studies from referral centers. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, outcomes and predictors of the onset of PCD. METHODS: All incident cases of patients diagnosed with possible CD were prospectively registered from 1994 to 1997 in Brittany, a limited area in France. At diagnosis, the clinical features of perianal disease were recorded. All patient charts were reviewed from the diagnosis to the last clinic visit in 2015. RESULTS: Among the 272 out of 331 incident CD patients followed up, 51 (18.7%) patients had PCD at diagnosis. After a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, 93 (34%) patients developed PCD. The cumulative probabilities of perianal CD occurrence were 22%, 29%, and 32% after 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years, respectively. The cumulative probabilities of anal ulceration were 14%, and 19% after 1 year and 10 years, respectively. Extraintestinal manifestations were associated with the occurrence of anal ulceration. The cumulative probabilities of fistulizing PCD were 11%, 16%, and 19% after 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years, respectively. Extraintestinal manifestations, rectal involvement and anal ulceration were predictors of fistulizing PCD. The cumulative probability of developing anal stricture was 4% after 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: PCD is frequently observed during CD, in approximately one-third of patients. These data underline the need for targeted therapeutic research on primary perianal lesions (proctitis, anal ulceration) to avoid the onset of fistulizing perianal disease.

Recurrence and incidence of fistula after urgent drainage of an anal abscess. Long-term results.

INTRODUCTION: Anal abscess is the most frequent urgent proctological problem. The recurrence rate and reported incidence of fistula after drainage and debridement of an anal abscess is widely variable. The objective of this study is to analyse the long-term recurrence rate and the incidence of fistula after drainage and urgent debridement of an anal abscess. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of a prospective cohort with anal abscess of cryptoglandular origin. All patients (n = 303) were evaluated two months and one year after the intervention. At the 5th year, all the medical records were reviewed and a telephone call or appointment was made for an assessment if necessary. Specific antecedents of anal pathology, abscess characteristics, time and type of recurrence, presence of symptoms in the first revision and presence of clinical and/or ultrasound fistula were recorded. RESULTS: Mean follow-up 119.7 months. Recurrence rate 48.2% (82.2% in the first year). Two hundred twenty-two ultrasounds performed. Incidence of ultrasound fistula: 70% symptomatic vs. 2.4% asymptomatic (p < 0.001). Global incidence of fistula 40.3%. The history of anal pathology and the presence of symptoms in the postoperative review significantly increase the possibility of recurrence (p < 0.001). The fistula is statistically more frequent if the abscess recurs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: After drainage and debridement of an anal abscess, half of the patients relapse and 40% develop fistula especially in the first year, so longer follow-ups are not necessary. Endoanal ultrasound for the evaluation of the presence of fistula is highly questionable in the absence of signs or symptoms.

Epidemiology and Natural History of Perianal Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Cohorts.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perianal Crohn's disease (pCD) is a potentially severe phenotype of CD. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to estimate cumulative incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of pCD in population-based cohort studies. METHODS: Through a systematic literature review through March 1, 2021, we identified population-based inception cohort studies reporting cumulative incidence of perianal disease (primarily abscess and/or fistula) in patients with CD. We estimated the cumulative incidence of pCD at presentation and 1-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up, and risk factors for perianal disease and outcomes including risk of major (bowel resection, proctectomy, ostomy) and minor perianal (incision and drainage, seton placement, etc.) surgery. RESULTS: In 12 population-based studies, prevalence of pCD was 18.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.5%-27.0%) with 1-, 5-, and 10-year risk of perianal disease being 14.3% (95% CI, 7.9%-24.6%), 17.6% (95% CI, 11.3%-26.5%), and 18.9% (95% CI, 15.0%-23.4%), respectively. Approximately 11.5% of patients (95% CI, 6.7%-19.0%) had perianal disease at or before CD diagnosis. Colonic disease location and rectal involvement were associated with higher risk of pCD. Overall, 63.3% of patients (95% CI, 53.3-72.3) required minor perianal surgery and 6.4% of patients (95% CI, 1.8%-20.6%) required major abdominal surgery for pCD. Use of biologic therapy for pCD is common and has steadily increased throughout the years. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 5 patients with CD develops perianal disease within 10 years of CD diagnosis, including 11.5% who have perianal disease at presentation. Approximately two-thirds of patients require perianal surgery, with a smaller fraction requiring major abdominal surgery.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 population-based cohort studies, we observed that approximately 1 in 5 patients develops perianal disease within 10 years of Crohn's disease diagnosis. Of these, two-thirds require perianal surgery and 6% require major abdominal surgery.

Perianal Fistula After Ileoanal Pouch in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Review of 475 Patients Operated on at a Major IBD Center.

BACKGROUND: Ileoanal pouch anastomosis is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with intractable ulcerative colitis. Perianal disease is a feature that is often present in Crohn's disease and infrequently in ulcerative colitis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify the incidence and factors associated with the development of postoperative perianal fistula in patients undergoing ileoanal pouch anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. DESIGN: A prospectively collected database at the time of surgery with subsequent follow-up was utilized. SETTING: The study was conducted at a high-volume single institution. PATIENTS: We studied a series of 475 consecutive patients with preoperative diagnosis of ulcerative colitis who underwent ileoanal pouch anastomosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of postoperative perianal fistula and the factors correlating with its development were primary outcome measures of the study. RESULTS: The overall number of patients developing perianal fistulas was 44 of 475 (9%). Eleven patients with perianal fistula (25%) required return to ileostomy, of which 7 had pouch excision. Patients who developed a postoperative perianal fistula had a younger age at the onset of disease, had a lower age at index surgery, and were more likely to be subsequently classified as indeterminate colitis or Crohn's disease. Patients developing perianal fistulas were also more likely to develop partial dehiscence or stricture of the ileoanal anastomosis. LIMITATIONS: This study spans nearly 40 years during which the surgical procedure evolved. CONCLUSIONS: Young age at the onset of disease, lower age at surgery, and postoperative diagnosis of Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis were the factors correlating with perianal fistulas. Delayed healing of the ileoanal anastomosis with partial separation and/or stricture also correlated with the onset of perianal fistulas. The severity of rectal inflammation at the time of surgery or the presence of stapled versus handsewn anastomosis did not correlate with the development of perianal fistulas. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B705. FSTULA PERIANAL POSTERIOR A RESERVORIO ILEOANAL EN PACIENTES CON COLITIS ULCERATIVA UNA REVISIN DE PACIENTES OPERADOS EN UN CENTRO PRINCIPAL DE EII: ANTECEDENTES:El reservorio ileoanal es el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección para los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa intratable. La enfermedad perianal es una característica que a menudo está presente en la enfermedad de Crohn y con poca frecuencia en la colitis ulcerativa.OBJETIVO:El objetivo del estudio es identificar la incidencia y los factores asociados con el desarrollo de fístula perianal posoperatoria en pacientes sometidos a reservorio ileoanal por colitis ulcerativa.DISEÑO:Base de datos recopilada prospectivamente en el momento de la cirugía con seguimiento subsecuente.ENTORNO CLÍNICO:El estudio se llevó a cabo en una única institución de gran volumen.PACIENTES:Estudiamos una serie de 475 pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico preoperatorio de colitis ulcerativa a los que se les realizó reservorio ileoanal.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACIÓN:La incidencia de fístula perianal posoperatoria y los factores que se correlacionan con su desarrollo fueron las principales medidas de resultado del estudio.RESULTADOS:El número total de pacientes que desarrollaron fístulas perianales fue 44 de 475 (9%). Once pacientes con fístula perianal (25%) requirieron volver a la ileostomía, de los cuales 7 tuvieron resección del reservorio. Los pacientes que desarrollaron fístula perianal posoperatoria tenían edad más temprana al inicio de la enfermedad, menor edad en el momento de la cirugía inicial y tenían más probabilidades de ser clasificados posteriormente como colitis indeterminada o enfermedad de Crohn. Los pacientes que desarrollaron fístulas perianales también fueron más propensos a desarrollar dehiscencia parcial o estenosis de la anastomosis ileoanal.LIMITACIONES:Este estudio abarca casi 40 años durante los cuales ha evolucionado el procedimiento quirúrgico.CONCLUSIONES:Edad temprana al inicio de la enfermedad, menor edad al momento de la cirugía, diagnóstico postoperatorio de enfermedad de Crohn y colitis indeterminada fueron los factores que se correlacionaron con las fístulas perianales. El retraso en la cicatrización de la anastomosis ileoanal con separación parcial y/o estenosis también se correlacionó con la aparición de fístulas perianales. La gravedad de la inflamación rectal en el momento de la cirugía o la presencia de anastomosis con grapas versus anastomosis manual no se correlacionó con el desarrollo de fístulas perianales. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B705.

FISSIT (Fistula Surgery in Italy) study: A retrospective survey on the surgical management of anal fistulas in Italy over the last 15 years.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of anal fistulas is still a challenge. The aims of this study were to evaluate the adoption and healing rates for the different surgical techniques used in Italy over the past 15 years. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective observational study of patients affected by simple and complex anal fistulas of cryptoglandular origin who were surgically treated in the period 2003-2017. Surgical techniques were grouped as sphincter-cutting or sphincter-sparing and as technology-assisted or techno-free. All patients included in the study were followed for at least 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 9,536 patients (5,520 simple; 4,016 complex fistulas) entered the study. For simple fistulas, fistulotomy was the most frequently used procedure, although its adoption significantly decreased over the years (P < .0005), with an increase in sphincter-sparing approaches; the overall healing rate in simple fistulas was 81.1%, with a significant difference between sphincter-cutting (91.9%) and sphincter-sparing (65.1%) techniques (P = .001). For complex fistulas, the adoption of sphincter-cutting approaches decreased, while sphincter-sparing techniques were mildly preferred (P < .0005). Moreover, there was a significant trend toward the use of technology-assisted procedures. The overall healing rate for complex fistulas was 69.0%, with a measurable difference between sphincter-cutting (81.1%) and sphincter-sparing (61.4%; P = .001) techniques and between techno-free and technology-assisted techniques (72.5% and 55.0%, respectively; P = .001). CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of anal fistulas has changed, with a trend toward the use of sphincter-sparing techniques. The overall cure rate has remained stable, even if the most innovative procedures have achieved a lower success rate.

Intersphincteric Exploration With Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract or Attempted Closure of Internal Opening for Acute Anorectal Abscesses.

BACKGROUND: Acute anorectal abscesses of cryptoglandular origin are commonly managed by incision and drainage, which results in fistula development in up to 73% of cases, requiring subsequent definitive fistula surgery. However, given that fistula tracts may already be present at the initial presentation, primary closure of the tract as secondary prevention of fistula formation, using ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract, may be useful. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the feasibility and outcomes of performing intersphincteric exploration with ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract or attempted closure of internal opening for acute anorectal abscesses. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study of patients with acute anorectal cryptoglandular abscesses who underwent surgery between January 2014 and December 2016. SETTINGS: The patients were treated at a tertiary referral center in Thailand. PATIENTS: Eighty-six patients with acute anorectal abscesses without previous surgery were included. INTERVENTIONS: Intersphincteric dissection was performed. Further surgical intervention was dependent on the intersphincteric findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The main outcome measure was the 90-day healed rate. RESULTS: Of the 86 patients, 3 had low intersphincteric abscesses, 26 had low transsphincteric abscesses, 25 had anterior high transsphincteric abscesses, 27 had posterior high transsphincteric abscesses, and 5 had high intersphincteric abscesses. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract was successfully performed in 66 patients with an identifiable intersphincteric tract. Intersphincteric exploration with attempted closure of the internal opening was performed in the remaining 20 patients. The success rates were 86% and 70%. Unidentified internal opening and intersphincteric pathology were risk factors for nonhealing. No patients reported fecal incontinence postoperatively. LIMITATIONS: The limitation of this study is its retrospective nature and that all operations were performed by a single surgeon; therefore, the results may vary according to the individual surgeon's expertise. CONCLUSIONS: Fistula tract formation was found in most cases of acute anorectal abscesses. Definitive surgery using this strategy provides promising results. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B451. EXPLORACIN INTERESFINTRICA CON LIGADURA DEL TRAYECTO EN LA FSTULA INTERESFINTRICA O INTENTO DE CIERRE DEL ORIFICIO INTERNO EN ABSCESOS ANORRECTALES AGUDOS: ANTECEDENTES:Los abscesos anorrectales agudos de origen criptoglandular, comúnmente se manejan mediante incisión y drenaje, lo que resulta en el desarrollo de una fístula hasta en un 73% de los casos, requiriendo posteriormente cirugía definitiva de la fístula. Sin embargo, dado que los trayectos de la fístula ya pueden estar inicialmente presentes, puede ser útil el cierre primario del trayecto, como prevención secundaria en la formación de la fístula, mediante la ligadura del trayecto de la fístula interesfintérica.OBJETIVO:El estudio tiene como objetivo, examinar la viabilidad y los resultados en realizar exploración interesfintérica, con ligadura del trayecto de fístula interesfintérica o intento de cierre del orificio interno para abscesos anorrectales agudos.DISEÑO:Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con abscesos criptoglandulares anorrectales agudos, que fueron operados entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2016.AJUSTES:Los pacientes fueron tratados en un centro de referencia terciario en Tailandia.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron 86 pacientes con abscesos anorrectales agudos, sin cirugía previa.INTERVENCIONES:Se realizó disección interesfintérica. La intervención quirúrgica adicional dependió de los hallazgos interesfintéricos.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:La principal medida de resultado, fue la tasa de cicatrización a 90 días.RESULTADOS:De los 86 pacientes, hubo 3 abscesos interesfintéricos bajos, 26 abscesos transesfintéricos bajos, 25 abscesos transesfintéricos anteriores altos, 27 abscesos transesfintéricos posteriores altos y 5 abscesos interesfintéricos altos. La ligadura del tracto de la fístula interesfintérica, con tracto interesfintérico identificable, se realizó con éxito en 66 pacientes. Se realizó exploración interesfintérica, con intento de cierre del orificio interno en los 20 pacientes restantes. Las tasas de éxito fueron 86% y 70% respectivamente. Orificio interno no identificado y patología interesfintérica, fueron factores de riesgo para la falta de cicatrización. Ningún paciente reportó incontinencia fecal posoperatoria.LIMITACIONES:La limitación de este estudio, es su naturaleza retrospectiva y que todas las operaciones fueron realizadas por un solo cirujano, por lo tanto, los resultados pueden variar según la experiencia de cada cirujano.CONCLUSIONES:En la mayoría de los casos de abscesos anorrectales agudos, se encontró formación de trayectos fistulosos. La cirugía definitiva con esta estrategia, proporciona resultados prometedores. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B451.